Theatrical Credits Procedures Guide
Theatrical Credits Procedures
The following is a ready reference for writers and staff members who propose writing credits, prepare and submit Notices of Tentative Writing Credits (“NTWCs”) to the Guild for Guild signatory production companies, and gather materials for credit arbitrations on theatrical motion pictures. It addresses many of the questions and issues which may arise with respect to writing credits in motion pictures. For your convenience, we have cross-referenced relevant provisions of the Theatrical and Television Basic Agreement (“MBA”), Theatrical Schedule A (“TSA”), which governs theatrical releases, and the Screen Credits Manual (“SCM”). This is not intended to, and it does not, replace the MBA or the SCM.
Contents
A. Notices Of Tentative Writing Credits
1. The NTWC
2. Team Writing
a. Collaboration Agreement
b.Team Waivers
C. Cover Pages on Literary Material
E. On-screen Placement of Writing Credits
1. Theatrical Notice of Tentative Writing Credits
2. Literary Material Submission Cover Letter
3. WGA Cover Page
A. NOTICES OF TENTATIVE WRITING CREDITS
(TSA, ¶¶10 – 18; SCM, pp. 4–6.)
The NTWC is one of the most important documents a writer will receive. It serves several important functions for the Guild, the writer, and the Company. It is therefore imperative that the NTWC is properly completed and sent to the participating writers and the Guild. A sample of the NTWC is attached.
It is important to understand the purpose of the NTWC. For the Company, the filing of the NTWC sets in motion the mechanism for determination of credits so that the credits can be finalized in a timely fashion. From the writer’s perspective, the NTWC advises of the proposed credit and the deadline to register a protest, if necessary, of such credits or to elect to use a pseudonym.
For the Guild, the NTWC offers an opportunity to ensure that the proposed writing credit and any and all source material credit comply with the mandates of the MBA and Guild policy. The NTWC also advises the Guild of the participating writers and production executives on a given project and sets forth the information needed to determine whether the automatic arbitration provisions of the MBA are triggered by the proposed credits.
1. The NTWC
(Form, TSA, ¶11.)
The NTWC must be submitted to the Guild and to all participating writers as soon as practicable following completion of principal photography. (TSA, ¶11.)
Before submitting the NTWC to the Guild and to the participating writers, check to ensure that you have done the following (the applicable areas are indicated on the attached form):
- List the names and addresses of all participating writers at the top of the NTWC. (TSA, ¶9; SCM, pp. 4-5.) Remember: you must list the names of all participating writers, even if they are not proposed for credit. A “participating writer” is a writer who has participated in the writing of the screenplay or a writer who has been employed by the Company on the story and/or screenplay or a “professional writer” who has sold or licensed literary material subject to the MBA. (See Article 1.B.1.b. of the MBA for the definition of a “professional writer.”)
Note: the NTWC must be sent to the writer unless s/he has a contract provision directing the Company to send the NTWC to an agent and/ or other designated representative(s). Also, the NTWC must be sent via Certified Mail/Return Receipt Requested, messenger, or some other independently verifiable means. (TSA, ¶¶2, 12 and 17.) E-mail is not considered an independently verifiable means. - List the title of the motion picture.
- List the names of all production executives on the motion picture. Remember: this includes the director and all producers, including executive producers, co-producers, associate producers, etc.
You must indicate on the NTWC if a participating writer is also going to be credited as a production executive. You must give notice to all parties if the participating writer is also going to be credited as a production executive before the writing credits are determined. - List the proposed on-screen writing credit. Be sure to include the form of credit (e.g. “Written by”, “Screenplay by”, etc.), not just the name(s) of the writer(s). (TSA, ¶¶1 – 2; SCM, pp. 16–18.)
Note: writers may only be credited in the manner set forth in the MBA unless a waiver is granted. Allowable writing credits include “Written by,” “Screenplay by,” “Story by,” “Screen Story by,” “Adaptation by,” “Narration Written by” and “Based on Characters Created by.” Please review the SCM and/or call the Credits Department at (212) 767-7852 if you have any questions regarding the appropriate form of credit for your motion picture.
Note: In certain circumstances, the writing credit can be combined with the credit to the Director and/or the Producer. Contact the Credits Department at (212) 767-7852 to find out whether a waiver is required. (TSA, ¶¶3, 8.)
Note: an ampersand (“&”) is used between the names of writers who worked as a team on the motion picture. The word “and” is used between the names of writers who did not work as a team. (SCM, pg. 2.) - Include any on-screen source material credit (e.g. “Based on the Novel by”) on the NTWC. (TSA, ¶2; SCM, pp. 16–17.) Note that, generally, the word “Novel” is used to denote a work of fiction and the word “Book” is used to denote a work of non-fiction.
- Include on the NTWC any presentation and/or production credit to be accorded on screen and/or in advertising. (e.g. “Universal Pictures Presents” or “A Film by.”) (TSA, ¶28.)
- List any source material, regardless of whether or not it will appear on screen. This includes prior motion pictures in the case of a remake or a sequel.
- Send a copy of the final shooting script to all participating writers, including those who are not proposed for credit. (TSA, ¶11.)
- Properly calculate the date on which the proposed credits become final absent a protest. (TSA, ¶13.) Remember: generally, the credits become final twelve business days from the date the NTWC is sent to the Guild and the participating writers; this time may be shortened to seven business days if a good faith emergency exists requiring an earlier determination and it is requested on the NTWC. If the automatic arbitration provisions apply, “Automatic Arbitration” should be written in place of a final date.
- List the name, address, and telephone number of the production company and authorized representative and make sure the NTWC is signed by the authorized representative of the Company.
- List the date on which the NTWC is sent to the Guild and the participating writers. Remember: this is the date on which you actually send the NTWC out to the recipients as opposed to the date on which the NTWC is prepared.
2. Team Writing
(TSA, ¶4; SCM, pg. 2.)
The following general rules govern team writing on theatrical motion pictures:
- COLLABORATION AGREEMENT: This is required when a production executive writes in collaboration as a team with a non-production executive writer where the production executive intends to claim co-authorship of the team’s material. (SCM, pg. 2.) A writing services agreement employing the production executive and the non-production executive to perform services as a team is a form of Collaboration Agreement.
- TEAM WAIVERS: This is required for writing teams of four or more people. (See, TSA, ¶4; SCM, pg. 2 defining “team” as no more than two writers, or three writers when employed pursuant to Article 13.A.9.) Waivers must be requested and approved in advance of services being performed. Call the Contracts Department at (212) 767-7852 to request a team waiver.
B. ARBITRATIONS
Generally, a credit arbitration is triggered by the timely receipt of a protest by a participating writer or the Guild. (TSA, ¶13; SCM, pg. 5.) In the following situations, the MBA provides for an automatic credit arbitration:
- When a production executive is proposed for writing credit and there are other non-production executive participating writers. (TSA, ¶6; SCM, pg. 23.)
- When a “Screen Story by” credit is proposed. (TSA, ¶2.c.; SCM, pg. 19.)
- When an “Adaptation by” credit is proposed. (TSA, ¶1; SCM, pg. 22.)
- When three writers are proposed for “Written by” or “Screenplay by” credit. (TSA, ¶4; SCM, pg. 19-20.) (Remember: a team is considered a single writer.)
In the case of an arbitration, the following must be submitted to the Guild as soon as possible (upon receipt of a protest or concurrently with the NTWC in the case of an automatic arbitration):
- Three copies of all literary material submitted to, or acquired by, the Company by all of the participating writers and any source material. (TSA, ¶18.) Remember: literary material includes beatsheets, outlines, stories, treatments, scripts, formats, etc. Source material includes material that has been previously exploited and any material not written under the Guild’s jurisdiction.
- A transmittal letter which identifies each piece of literary material by author and date. A sample transmittal letter is attached.
For a description of the credit determination process, please refer to pages 4–15 of the SCM.
C. COVER PAGES ON LITERARY MATERIAL
It is important that the cover pages on all literary material comply with the provisions of the MBA. The provision covering names on literary material is Article 37 of the MBA, which provides in relevant part as follows: Upon commencement of pre-production, Company shall place the name of the initial writer on literary material written hereunder, following which the word “revisions” shall precede the names of all subsequent writers.
A sample of the proper form for cover pages is attached.
D. WAIVERS
Waivers are required from the Guild in the following circumstances:
- As described above, writing teams of four or more people require a waiver. Please contact the Contracts Department at (212) 767-7852 to request a team waiver.
- Screenings in advance of the Guild’s final determination of writing credits for film festivals or other public exhibitions require a waiver. Please contact the Credits Department at (212) 767-7852 to request one.
- A waiver is required to combine the following credits:
- Written, Produced, and Directed by;
- Written and Produced by; and
- Written for the Screen and Directed by.
Please contact the Credits Department at (212) 767-7852 to request one.
E. ON-SCREEN PLACEMENT OF WRITING CREDITS
(TSA, ¶8.)
The following general rules govern the on-screen placement of writing credits:
- The writing credit, in general, must appear on a separate card contiguous to the credit to the director.
- Placement of the “Screenplay by” and “Story by” credits depends on whether the writing credit will appear in the main or end titles: Main title format: If the “Screenplay by” and “Story by” credits will appear on the same card, the “Screenplay by” credit must appear in the top 50% of the card. If the “Screenplay by” and “Story by” credits will appear on separate cards, the “Story by” credit must precede the “Screenplay by” credit.
End title format: The “Screenplay by” credit always precedes the “Story by” credit. The screenplay and story by credits may appear on the same or separate cards.
Note: The writing credit must appear in the main titles if any personal names, or portions thereof (including initials), appear in the main titles. - Generally, the source material credit may appear in the main or end titles and should be on a separate card from the writing credit. If, however, the source material author is also the sole credited writer of the screenplay, the source material credit may appear on the same card as the writing credit.
Note: the source material credit may not be placed between the “Screenplay by” credit and the director’s credit when the credits are on separate cards.
Of course, you should carefully review all of the applicable MBA provisions, including those set forth in TSA, ¶¶2.d, 8, 22, 27 and 28 to ensure proper on-screen placement of all writing credits.
F. MAIN AND END TITLES
(TSA, ¶8.)
You are required to submit the main and end titles for the picture to the WGA for approval before any prints are prepared. Compliance with this requirement will ensure the on-screen credits conform to the provisions of the MBA and help you to avoid penalties for non-compliance.
G. ADVERTISING AND PUBLICITY
(TSA, ¶26.)
You are required to submit all publicity and advertising material to the WGA for approval prior to the issuance of such material. Compliance with this requirement will ensure that all publicity and advertising conforms to the provisions of the MBA and help you to avoid penalties for non-compliance.
H. CONCLUSION
We hope that the foregoing is helpful. You are encouraged to review and become familiar with the MBA provisions set forth above and all of the theatrical credits provisions, which generally can be found in Theatrical Schedule A. Also, you are welcome to contact the Credits Department at (212) 767-7852 if you have any questions or concerns not addressed in this handout.
SAMPLE FORMS
Theatrical Notice of Tentative Writing Credits 📄